Uplink power control

ABSTRACT

Techniques for uplink power control (e.g., for New Radio (NR)) are disclosed. A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may determine that the WTRU is to perform a first and a second transmissions using a first and a second transmission beams. The WTRU may determine an uplink transmission power for one or more of the first or second transmissions. For example, if the angular separation of the first and the second transmission beams is greater than a first separation threshold, the WTRU may determine the uplink transmission power having a first maximum power level parameter and a second maximum power level parameter. If the angular separation of the first and the second transmission beams is less than a second separation threshold, the WTRU determine the uplink transmission power having a shared maximum power level parameter. The WTRU may transmit the first and second transmissions using the first and second transmission beams, respectively.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a national stage application under 35 U.S.C. § 371of International Application No. PCT/US2017/053360, filed Sep. 26, 2017,which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No.62/401,009 filed Sep. 28, 2016, U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No.62/474,955 filed Mar. 22, 2017, and U.S. Provisional Application Ser.No. 62/500,809 filed May 3, 2017, the contents of which are incorporatedby reference herein in their respective entirety, for all purposes.

BACKGROUND

Mobile communications continue to evolve. A fifth generation may bereferred to as 5G, which may implement an advanced wirelesscommunication system called New Radio (NR).

SUMMARY

Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are disclosed for uplink powercontrol, e.g., for New Radio (NR) by a wireless transmit/receive unit(WTRU). A WTRU may determine that the WTRU is to perform a firsttransmission using a first transmission beam and a second transmissionusing a second transmission beam. A WTRU may determine an uplinktransmission power for one or more of the first or second transmissions.

In examples, a WTRU may determine an angular separation of the first andsecond transmission beams. For example, a WTRU may determine an angularseparation between the first and second transmission beams based on oneor more of an angular distance, directional correlation, or spatialseparation of the first and second transmission beams. When an angularseparation of the first and second transmission beams is greater than afirst separation threshold, a WTRU may determine the uplink transmissionpower based on the first transmission associated with the firsttransmission beam having a first maximum power level parameter and thesecond transmission associated with the second transmission beam havinga second maximum power level parameter.

When an angular separation of the first and second transmission beams isless than a second separation threshold, a WTRU determine the uplinktransmission power based on the first transmission associated with thefirst transmission beam and the second transmission associated with thesecond transmission beam having a shared maximum power level parameter.The first separation threshold and the second separation threshold mayhave a same value.

One or more of the determined first maximum power level parameter, thesecond maximum power level parameter, or the shared maximum power levelparameter may include a configured maximum transmitted power (P_(CMAX)),wherein the P_(CMAX) may be based on one or more of a maximum gain or amaximum effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP).

A WTRU may transmit the first transmission using the first transmissionbeam and the second transmission using the second transmission beam.When the determined uplink transmission power for one or more of thefirst or second transmissions exceed a maximum allowed power, a WTRU mayperform power scaling of one or more of the first or second transmissionbeams based on a priority order. The priority order for performing thepower scaling of one or more of the first or second transmission beamsmay be based on one or more of a numerology parameter, or property ofthe first or second transmission beam that may include one or more of aduration, waveform used, or type of transmission.

The determined shared uplink transmission power level parameter mayinclude an EIRP level parameter. A WTRU may determine available powerassociated with the first transmission beam. When a EIRP threshold valueexceeds when the second transmission beam is transmitted with the firsttransmission beam, a WTRU may perform power allocation on one or more ofthe first or second transmission beams. When performing the powerallocation, a WTRU may, for example, scale one or more of the first orsecond transmission beams to satisfy the EIRP threshold value associatedwith the uplink transmission power. Scaling one or more of the first orsecond transmission beams may be based on one or more of the P_(CMAX), atotal power of on-going transmission of the second transmission, or aguaranteed power of the second transmission. When performing the powerallocation, a WTRU may, for example, determine a required transmissionpower of the first and second transmission beams. A WTRU may calculate anormalized required transmission power associated with the requiredtransmission power of the first and second transmission beams. A WTRUmay perform the power allocation of the first and second transmissionbeams based on the calculated normalized required transmission power.

A WTRU may be configured to perform power control for uplinktransmissions with multiplexed numerologies, beamforming and relatedsignaling. For example, the WTRU may perform uplink power control basedon one or more of the following: power allocation rules, priorities,dependency on numerology, multiplexed numerologies, interference (e.g.,victim nodes), beamforming, and/or uplink power control relatedsignaling. Power allocation may be dependent on numerology. Powerallocation with multiple numerologies may consider a maximumdigital-to-analog converter (DAC) dynamic range and/or a maximumconfigured power. Power applicable to transmissions may be guaranteed.Power allocation for transmission may use multiple beams with P_(CMAX)configured per direction. Resource selection may be power-aware.Priority rules may be applicable to transmissions using multiplenumerologies and/or beams. Power may be allocated based on the presenceof unintended receivers (e.g., victim nodes). Power headroom reports maybe triggered and/or calculated with multiple numerologies. Powerlimitations may be signaled with multiplexed numerologies. In certainapplications, power sharing may not exceed EIRP requirements (e.g.,based on coupling parameters). Uplink power control may use multiplewaveforms. Power sharing and/or scaling determination may be used fornormalized transmission powers (e.g., to handle scenarios with multipleconfigured maximum total powers).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a system diagram illustrating an example communicationssystem in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented.

FIG. 1B is a system diagram illustrating an example wirelesstransmit/receive unit (WTRU) that may be used within the communicationssystem illustrated in FIG. 1A according to an embodiment.

FIG. 1C is a system diagram illustrating an example radio access network(RAN) and an example core network (CN) that may be used within thecommunications system illustrated in FIG. 1A according to an embodiment.

FIG. 1D is a system diagram illustrating a further example RAN and afurther example CN that may be used within the communications systemillustrated in FIG. 1A according to an embodiment.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example of transmission over multiple numerologyblocks using a radio frequency (RF) chain.

FIG. 3 illustrates an example of beams in different subsets.

FIG. 4 illustrates an example of beams in the same subset.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

A detailed description of illustrative embodiments will now be describedwith reference to the various Figures. Although this descriptionprovides a detailed example of possible implementations, it should benoted that the details are intended to be exemplary and in no way limitthe scope of the application.

FIG. 1A is a diagram illustrating an example communications system 100in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. Thecommunications system 100 may be a multiple access system that providescontent, such as voice, data, video, messaging, broadcast, etc., tomultiple wireless users. The communications system 100 may enablemultiple wireless users to access such content through the sharing ofsystem resources, including wireless bandwidth. For example, thecommunications systems 100 may employ one or more channel accessmethods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time divisionmultiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA),orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero-tailunique-word DFT-Spread OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), unique word OFDM(UW-OFDM), resource block-filtered OFDM, filter bank multicarrier(FBMC), and the like.

As shown in FIG. 1A, the communications system 100 may include wirelesstransmit/receive units (WTRUs) 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, 102 d, a RAN104/113, a CN 106/115, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108,the Internet 110, and other networks 112, though it will be appreciatedthat the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, basestations, networks, and/or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102 a,102 b, 102 c, 102 d may be any type of device configured to operateand/or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, theWTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, 102 d, any of which may be referred to as a“station” and/or a “STA”, may be configured to transmit and/or receivewireless signals and may include a user equipment (UE), a mobilestation, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a subscription-based unit, apager, a cellular telephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), asmartphone, a laptop, a netbook, a personal computer, a wireless sensor,a hotspot or Mi-Fi device, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a watchor other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, amedical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery), an industrialdevice and applications (e.g., a robot and/or other wireless devicesoperating in an industrial and/or an automated processing chaincontexts), a consumer electronics device, a device operating oncommercial and/or industrial wireless networks, and the like. Any of theWTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c and 102 d may be interchangeably referred toas a UE.

The communications systems 100 may also include a base station 114 aand/or a base station 114 b. Each of the base stations 114 a, 114 b maybe any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at leastone of the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, 102 d to facilitate access to oneor more communication networks, such as the CN 106/115, the Internet110, and/or the other networks 112. By way of example, the base stations114 a, 114 b may be a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node-B, an eNodeB, a Home Node B, a Home eNode B, a gNB, a NR NodeB, a site controller,an access point (AP), a wireless router, and the like. While the basestations 114 a, 114 b are each depicted as a single element, it will beappreciated that the base stations 114 a, 114 b may include any numberof interconnected base stations and/or network elements.

The base station 114 a may be part of the RAN 104/113, which may alsoinclude other base stations and/or network elements (not shown), such asa base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relaynodes, etc. The base station 114 a and/or the base station 114 b may beconfigured to transmit and/or receive wireless signals on one or morecarrier frequencies, which may be referred to as a cell (not shown).These frequencies may be in licensed spectrum, unlicensed spectrum, or acombination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell may providecoverage for a wireless service to a specific geographical area that maybe relatively fixed or that may change over time. The cell may furtherbe divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with thebase station 114 a may be divided into three sectors. Thus, in oneembodiment, the base station 114 a may include three transceivers, i.e.,one for each sector of the cell. In an embodiment, the base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) technology and mayutilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example,beamforming may be used to transmit and/or receive signals in desiredspatial directions.

The base stations 114 a, 114 b may communicate with one or more of theWTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, 102 d over an air interface 116, which may beany suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF),microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet(UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 may be establishedusing any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

More specifically, as noted above, the communications system 100 may bea multiple access system and may employ one or more channel accessschemes, such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, and the like. Forexample, the base station 114 a in the RAN 104/113 and the WTRUs 102 a,102 b, 102 c may implement a radio technology such as Universal MobileTelecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), whichmay establish the air interface 115/116/117 using wideband CDMA (WCDMA).WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High-Speed PacketAccess (HSPA) and/or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High-SpeedDownlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and/or High-Speed UL Packet Access(HSUPA).

In an embodiment, the base station 114 a and the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS TerrestrialRadio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 usingLong Term Evolution (LTE) and/or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) and/orLTE-Advanced Pro (LTE-A Pro).

In an embodiment, the base station 114 a and the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as NR Radio Access, which mayestablish the air interface 116 using New Radio (NR).

In an embodiment, the base station 114 a and the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, thebase station 114 a and the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c may implement LTEradio access and NR radio access together, for instance using dualconnectivity (DC) principles. Thus, the air interface utilized by WTRUs102 a, 102 b, 102 c may be characterized by multiple types of radioaccess technologies and/or transmissions sent to/from multiple types ofbase stations (e.g., a eNB and a gNB).

In other embodiments, the base station 114 a and the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b,102 c may implement radio technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e.,Wireless Fidelity (WiFi), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperabilityfor Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1×, CDMA2000 EV-DO,Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), InterimStandard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM),Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), and thelike.

The base station 114 b in FIG. 1A may be a wireless router, Home Node B,Home eNode B, or access point, for example, and may utilize any suitableRAT for facilitating wireless connectivity in a localized area, such asa place of business, a home, a vehicle, a campus, an industrialfacility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a roadway, and thelike. In one embodiment, the base station 114 b and the WTRUs 102 c, 102d may implement a radio technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish awireless local area network (WLAN). In an embodiment, the base station114 b and the WTRUs 102 c, 102 d may implement a radio technology suchas IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). Inyet another embodiment, the base station 114 b and the WTRUs 102 c, 102d may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE,LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR etc.) to establish a picocell or femtocell. Asshown in FIG. 1A, the base station 114 b may have a direct connection tothe Internet 110. Thus, the base station 114 b may not be required toaccess the Internet 110 via the CN 106/115.

The RAN 104/113 may be in communication with the CN 106/115, which maybe any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications,and/or voice over internet protocol (VoIP) services to one or more ofthe WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, 102 d. The data may have varying qualityof service (QoS) requirements, such as differing throughputrequirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements,reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobilityrequirements, and the like. The CN 106/115 may provide call control,billing services, mobile location-based services, pre-paid calling,Internet connectivity, video distribution, etc., and/or performhigh-level security functions, such as user authentication. Although notshown in FIG. 1A, it will be appreciated that the RAN 104/113 and/or theCN 106/115 may be in direct or indirect communication with other RANsthat employ the same RAT as the RAN 104/113 or a different RAT. Forexample, in addition to being connected to the RAN 104/113, which may beutilizing a NR radio technology, the CN 106/115 may also be incommunication with another RAN (not shown) employing a GSM, UMTS, CDMA2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.

The CN 106/115 may also serve as a gateway for the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b,102 c, 102 d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and/or the othernetworks 112. The PSTN 108 may include circuit-switched telephonenetworks that provide plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet110 may include a global system of interconnected computer networks anddevices that use common communication protocols, such as thetransmission control protocol (TCP), user datagram protocol (UDP) and/orthe internet protocol (IP) in the TCP/IP internet protocol suite. Thenetworks 112 may include wired and/or wireless communications networksowned and/or operated by other service providers. For example, thenetworks 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, whichmay employ the same RAT as the RAN 104/113 or a different RAT.

Some or all of the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, 102 d in thecommunications system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., theWTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, 102 d may include multiple transceivers forcommunicating with different wireless networks over different wirelesslinks). For example, the WTRU 102 c shown in FIG. 1A may be configuredto communicate with the base station 114 a, which may employ acellular-based radio technology, and with the base station 114 b, whichmay employ an IEEE 802 radio technology.

FIG. 1B is a system diagram illustrating an example WTRU 102. As shownin FIG. 1B, the WTRU 102 may include a processor 118, a transceiver 120,a transmit/receive element 122, a speaker/microphone 124, a keypad 126,a display/touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132,a power source 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136,and/or other peripherals 138, among others. It will be appreciated thatthe WTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elementswhile remaining consistent with an embodiment.

The processor 118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purposeprocessor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), aplurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in associationwith a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, Application SpecificIntegrated Circuits (ASICs), Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs)circuits, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine,and the like. The processor 118 may perform signal coding, dataprocessing, power control, input/output processing, and/or any otherfunctionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wirelessenvironment. The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120,which may be coupled to the transmit/receive element 122. While FIG. 1Bdepicts the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 as separatecomponents, it will be appreciated that the processor 118 and thetransceiver 120 may be integrated together in an electronic package orchip.

The transmit/receive element 122 may be configured to transmit signalsto, or receive signals from, a base station (e.g., the base station 114a) over the air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, thetransmit/receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to transmitand/or receive RF signals. In an embodiment, the transmit/receiveelement 122 may be an emitter/detector configured to transmit and/orreceive IR, UV, or visible light signals, for example. In yet anotherembodiment, the transmit/receive element 122 may be configured totransmit and/or receive both RF and light signals. It will beappreciated that the transmit/receive element 122 may be configured totransmit and/or receive any combination of wireless signals.

Although the transmit/receive element 122 is depicted in FIG. 1B as asingle element, the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit/receiveelements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 may employ MIMOtechnology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two ormore transmit/receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) fortransmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116.

The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate the signals that areto be transmitted by the transmit/receive element 122 and to demodulatethe signals that are received by the transmit/receive element 122. Asnoted above, the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. Thus, thetransceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers for enabling the WTRU102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11, forexample.

The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to, and may receiveuser input data from, the speaker/microphone 124, the keypad 126, and/orthe display/touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) displayunit or organic light-emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor118 may also output user data to the speaker/microphone 124, the keypad126, and/or the display/touchpad 128. In addition, the processor 118 mayaccess information from, and store data in, any type of suitable memory,such as the non-removable memory 130 and/or the removable memory 132.The non-removable memory 130 may include random-access memory (RAM),read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storagedevice. The removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identitymodule (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card,and the like. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may accessinformation from, and store data in, memory that is not physicallylocated on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (notshown).

The processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134, and maybe configured to distribute and/or control the power to the othercomponents in the WTRU 102. The power source 134 may be any suitabledevice for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 mayinclude one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd),nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion),etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, and the like.

The processor 118 may also be coupled to the GPS chipset 136, which maybe configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude andlatitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In additionto, or in lieu of, the information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU102 may receive location information over the air interface 116 from abase station (e.g., base stations 114 a, 114 b) and/or determine itslocation based on the timing of the signals being received from two ormore nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 mayacquire location information by way of any suitablelocation-determination method while remaining consistent with anembodiment.

The processor 118 may further be coupled to other peripherals 138, whichmay include one or more software and/or hardware modules that provideadditional features, functionality and/or wired or wirelessconnectivity. For example, the peripherals 138 may include anaccelerometer, an e-compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera(for photographs and/or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, avibration device, a television transceiver, a hands free headset, aBluetooth® module, a frequency modulated (FM) radio unit, a digitalmusic player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internetbrowser, a Virtual Reality and/or Augmented Reality (VR/AR) device, anactivity tracker, and the like. The peripherals 138 may include one ormore sensors, the sensors may be one or more of a gyroscope, anaccelerometer, a hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientationsensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; ageolocation sensor; an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, amagnetometer, a barometer, a gesture sensor, a biometric sensor, and/ora humidity sensor.

The WTRU 102 may include a full duplex radio for which transmission andreception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated withparticular subframes for both the UL (e.g., for transmission) anddownlink (e.g., for reception) may be concurrent and/or simultaneous.The full duplex radio may include an interference management unit toreduce and or substantially eliminate self-interference via eitherhardware (e.g., a choke) or signal processing via a processor (e.g., aseparate processor (not shown) or via processor 118). In an embodiment,the WRTU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for which transmission andreception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated withparticular subframes for either the UL (e.g., for transmission) or thedownlink (e.g., for reception)).

FIG. 1C is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the CN 106according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 104 may employ anE-UTRA radio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102c over the air interface 116. The RAN 104 may also be in communicationwith the CN 106.

The RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160 a, 160 b, 160 c, though it will beappreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs whileremaining consistent with an embodiment. The eNode-Bs 160 a, 160 b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with theWTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment,the eNode-Bs 160 a, 160 b, 160 c may implement MIMO technology. Thus,the eNode-B 160 a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmitwireless signals to, and/or receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102a.

Each of the eNode-Bs 160 a, 160 b, 160 c may be associated with aparticular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radioresource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of usersin the UL and/or DL, and the like. As shown in FIG. 1C, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160 b, 160 c may communicate with one another over an X2 interface.

The CN 106 shown in FIG. 1C may include a mobility management entity(MME) 162, a serving gateway (SGW) 164, and a packet data network (PDN)gateway (or PGW) 166. While each of the foregoing elements are depictedas part of the CN 106, it will be appreciated that any of these elementsmay be owned and/or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

The MME 162 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 162 a, 162 b, 162 cin the RAN 104 via an S1 interface and may serve as a control node. Forexample, the MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of theWTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, bearer activation/deactivation, selecting aparticular serving gateway during an initial attach of the WTRUs 102 a,102 b, 102 c, and the like. The MME 162 may provide a control planefunction for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown)that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM and/or WCDMA.

The SGW 164 may be connected to each of the eNode Bs 160 a, 160 b, 160 cin the RAN 104 via the S1 interface. The SGW 164 may generally route andforward user data packets to/from the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c. The SGW164 may perform other functions, such as anchoring user planes duringinter-eNode B handovers, triggering paging when DL data is available forthe WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, managing and storing contexts of theWTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, and the like.

The SGW 164 may be connected to the PGW 166, which may provide the WTRUs102 a, 102 b, 102 c with access to packet-switched networks, such as theInternet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102 a, 102b, 102 c and IP-enabled devices.

The CN 106 may facilitate communications with other networks. Forexample, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c withaccess to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitatecommunications between the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c and traditionalland-line communications devices. For example, the CN 106 may include,or may communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem(IMS) server) that serves as an interface between the CN 106 and thePSTN 108. In addition, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b,102 c with access to the other networks 112, which may include otherwired and/or wireless networks that are owned and/or operated by otherservice providers.

Although the WTRU is described in FIGS. 1A-1D as a wireless terminal, itis contemplated that in certain representative embodiments that such aterminal may use (e.g., temporarily or permanently) wired communicationinterfaces with the communication network.

In representative embodiments, the other network 112 may be a WLAN.

A WLAN in Infrastructure Basic Service Set (BSS) mode may have an AccessPoint (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated withthe AP. The AP may have an access or an interface to a DistributionSystem (DS) or another type of wired/wireless network that carriestraffic in to and/or out of the BSS. Traffic to STAs that originatesfrom outside the BSS may arrive through the AP and may be delivered tothe STAs. Traffic originating from STAs to destinations outside the BSSmay be sent to the AP to be delivered to respective destinations.Traffic between STAs within the BSS may be sent through the AP, forexample, where the source STA may send traffic to the AP and the AP maydeliver the traffic to the destination STA. The traffic between STAswithin a BSS may be considered and/or referred to as peer-to-peertraffic. The peer-to-peer traffic may be sent between (e.g., directlybetween) the source and destination STAs with a direct link setup (DLS).In certain representative embodiments, the DLS may use an 802.11e DLS oran 802.11z tunneled DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using an Independent BSS (IBSS)mode may not have an AP, and the STAs (e.g., all of the STAs) within orusing the IBSS may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS modeof communication may sometimes be referred to herein as an “ad-hoc” modeof communication.

When using the 802.11ac infrastructure mode of operation or a similarmode of operations, the AP may transmit a beacon on a fixed channel,such as a primary channel. The primary channel may be a fixed width(e.g., 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or a dynamically set width via signaling.The primary channel may be the operating channel of the BSS and may beused by the STAs to establish a connection with the AP. In certainrepresentative embodiments, Carrier Sense Multiple Access with CollisionAvoidance (CSMA/CA) may be implemented, for example in in 802.11systems. For CSMA/CA, the STAs (e.g., every STA), including the AP, maysense the primary channel. If the primary channel is sensed/detectedand/or determined to be busy by a particular STA, the particular STA mayback off. One STA (e.g., only one station) may transmit at any giventime in a given BSS.

High Throughput (HT) STAs may use a 40 MHz wide channel forcommunication, for example, via a combination of the primary 20 MHzchannel with an adjacent or nonadjacent 20 MHz channel to form a 40 MHzwide channel.

Very High Throughput (VHT) STAs may support 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz,and/or 160 MHz wide channels. The 40 MHz, and/or 80 MHz, channels may beformed by combining contiguous 20 MHz channels. A 160 MHz channel may beformed by combining 8 contiguous 20 MHz channels, or by combining twonon-contiguous 80 MHz channels, which may be referred to as an 80+80configuration. For the 80+80 configuration, the data, after channelencoding, may be passed through a segment parser that may divide thedata into two streams. Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing,and time domain processing, may be done on each stream separately. Thestreams may be mapped on to the two 80 MHz channels, and the data may betransmitted by a transmitting STA. At the receiver of the receiving STA,the above described operation for the 80+80 configuration may bereversed, and the combined data may be sent to the Medium Access Control(MAC).

Sub 1 GHz modes of operation are supported by 802.11af and 802.11ah. Thechannel operating bandwidths, and carriers, are reduced in 802.11af and802.11ah relative to those used in 802.11n, and 802.11ac. 802.11afsupports 5 MHz, 10 MHz and 20 MHz bandwidths in the TV White Space(TVWS) spectrum, and 802.11ah supports 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and16 MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representativeembodiment, 802.11ah may support Meter Type Control/Machine-TypeCommunications, such as MTC devices in a macro coverage area. MTCdevices may have certain capabilities, for example, limited capabilitiesincluding support for (e.g., only support for) certain and/or limitedbandwidths. The MTC devices may include a battery with a battery lifeabove a threshold (e.g., to maintain a very long battery life).

WLAN systems, which may support multiple channels, and channelbandwidths, such as 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah, include achannel which may be designated as the primary channel. The primarychannel may have a bandwidth equal to the largest common operatingbandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primarychannel may be set and/or limited by a STA, from among all STAs inoperating in a BSS, which supports the smallest bandwidth operatingmode. In the example of 802.11ah, the primary channel may be 1 MHz widefor STAs (e.g., MTC type devices) that support (e.g., only support) a 1MHz mode, even if the AP, and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and/or other channel bandwidth operating modes.Carrier sensing and/or Network Allocation Vector (NAV) settings maydepend on the status of the primary channel. If the primary channel isbusy, for example, due to a STA (which supports only a 1 MHz operatingmode), transmitting to the AP, the entire available frequency bands maybe considered busy even though a majority of the frequency bands remainsidle and may be available.

In the United States, the available frequency bands, which may be usedby 802.11ah, are from 902 MHz to 928 MHz. In Korea, the availablefrequency bands are from 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In Japan, the availablefrequency bands are from 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. The total bandwidthavailable for 802.11ah is 6 MHz to 26 MHz depending on the country code.

FIG. 1D is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 113 and the CN 115according to an embodiment. As noted above, the RAN 113 may employ an NRradio technology to communicate with the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c overthe air interface 116. The RAN 113 may also be in communication with theCN 115.

The RAN 113 may include gNBs 180 a, 180 b, 180 c, though it will beappreciated that the RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs whileremaining consistent with an embodiment. The gNBs 180 a, 180 b, 180 cmay each include one or more transceivers for communicating with theWTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment,the gNBs 180 a, 180 b, 180 c may implement MIMO technology. For example,gNBs 180 a, 108 b may utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and/orreceive signals from the gNBs 180 a, 180 b, 180 c. Thus, the gNB 180 a,for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to,and/or receive wireless signals from, the WTRU 102 a. In an embodiment,the gNBs 180 a, 180 b, 180 c may implement carrier aggregationtechnology. For example, the gNB 180 a may transmit multiple componentcarriers to the WTRU 102 a (not shown). A subset of these componentcarriers may be on unlicensed spectrum while the remaining componentcarriers may be on licensed spectrum. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180 a,180 b, 180 c may implement Coordinated Multi-Point (CoMP) technology.For example, WTRU 102 a may receive coordinated transmissions from gNB180 a and gNB 180 b (and/or gNB 180 c).

The WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c may communicate with gNBs 180 a, 180 b,180 c using transmissions associated with a scalable numerology. Forexample, the OFDM symbol spacing and/or OFDM subcarrier spacing may varyfor different transmissions, different cells, and/or different portionsof the wireless transmission spectrum. The WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c maycommunicate with gNBs 180 a, 180 b, 180 c using subframe or transmissiontime intervals (TTIs) of various or scalable lengths (e.g., containingvarying number of OFDM symbols and/or lasting varying lengths ofabsolute time).

The gNBs 180 a, 180 b, 180 c may be configured to communicate with theWTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c in a standalone configuration and/or anon-standalone configuration. In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102 b, 102 c may communicate with gNBs 180 a, 180 b, 180 c withoutalso accessing other RANs (e.g., such as eNode-Bs 160 a, 160 b, 160 c).In the standalone configuration, WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c may utilizeone or more of gNBs 180 a, 180 b, 180 c as a mobility anchor point. Inthe standalone configuration, WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c may communicatewith gNBs 180 a, 180 b, 180 c using signals in an unlicensed band. In anon-standalone configuration WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c may communicatewith/connect to gNBs 180 a, 180 b, 180 c while also communicatingwith/connecting to another RAN such as eNode-Bs 160 a, 160 b, 160 c. Forexample, WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c may implement DC principles tocommunicate with one or more gNBs 180 a, 180 b, 180 c and one or moreeNode-Bs 160 a, 160 b, 160 c substantially simultaneously. In thenon-standalone configuration, eNode-Bs 160 a, 160 b, 160 c may serve asa mobility anchor for WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c and gNBs 180 a, 180 b,180 c may provide additional coverage and/or throughput for servicingWTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c.

Each of the gNBs 180 a, 180 b, 180 c may be associated with a particularcell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resourcemanagement decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the ULand/or DL, support of network slicing, dual connectivity, interworkingbetween NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data towards User PlaneFunction (UPF) 184 a, 184 b, routing of control plane informationtowards Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 182 a, 182 b andthe like. As shown in FIG. 1D, the gNBs 180 a, 180 b, 180 c maycommunicate with one another over an Xn interface.

The CN 115 shown in FIG. 1D may include at least one AMF 182 a, 182 b,at least one UPF 184 a,184 b, at least one Session Management Function(SMF) 183 a, 183 b, and possibly a Data Network (DN) 185 a, 185 b. Whileeach of the foregoing elements are depicted as part of the CN 115, itwill be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and/oroperated by an entity other than the CN operator.

The AMF 182 a, 182 b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180 a,180 b, 180 c in the RAN 113 via an N2 interface and may serve as acontrol node. For example, the AMF 182 a, 182 b may be responsible forauthenticating users of the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c, support fornetwork slicing (e.g., handling of different PDU sessions with differentrequirements), selecting a particular SMF 183 a, 183 b, management ofthe registration area, termination of NAS signaling, mobilitymanagement, and the like. Network slicing may be used by the AMF 182 a,182 b in order to customize CN support for WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 cbased on the types of services being utilized WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c.For example, different network slices may be established for differentuse cases such as services relying on ultra-reliable low latency (URLLC)access, services relying on enhanced massive mobile broadband (eMBB)access, services for machine type communication (MTC) access, and/or thelike. The AMF 162 may provide a control plane function for switchingbetween the RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radiotechnologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and/or non-3GPP accesstechnologies such as WiFi.

The SMF 183 a, 183 b may be connected to an AMF 182 a, 182 b in the CN115 via an N11 interface. The SMF 183 a, 183 b may also be connected toa UPF 184 a, 184 b in the CN 115 via an N4 interface. The SMF 183 a, 183b may select and control the UPF 184 a, 184 b and configure the routingof traffic through the UPF 184 a, 184 b. The SMF 183 a, 183 b mayperform other functions, such as managing and allocating UE IP address,managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, providingdownlink data notifications, and the like. A PDU session type may beIP-based, non-IP based, Ethernet-based, and the like.

The UPF 184 a, 184 b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180 a,180 b, 180 c in the RAN 113 via an N3 interface, which may provide theWTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c with access to packet-switched networks, suchas the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102 b, 102 c and IP-enabled devices. The UPF 184, 184 b may performother functions, such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing userplane policies, supporting multi-homed PDU sessions, handling user planeQoS, buffering downlink packets, providing mobility anchoring, and thelike.

The CN 115 may facilitate communications with other networks. Forexample, the CN 115 may include, or may communicate with, an IP gateway(e.g., an IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as aninterface between the CN 115 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 115may provide the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c with access to the othernetworks 112, which may include other wired and/or wireless networksthat are owned and/or operated by other service providers. In oneembodiment, the WTRUs 102 a, 102 b, 102 c may be connected to a localData Network (DN) 185 a, 185 b through the UPF 184 a, 184 b via the N3interface to the UPF 184 a, 184 b and an N6 interface between the UPF184 a, 184 b and the DN 185 a, 185 b.

In view of FIGS. 1A-1D, and the corresponding description of FIGS.1A-1D, one or more, or all, of the functions described herein withregard to one or more of: WTRU 102 a-d, Base Station 114 a-b, eNode-B160 a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNB 180 a-c, AMF 182 a-b, UPF 184a-b, SMF 183 a-b, DN 185 a-b, and/or any other device(s) describedherein, may be performed by one or more emulation devices (not shown).The emulation devices may be one or more devices configured to emulateone or more, or all, of the functions described herein. For example, theemulation devices may be used to test other devices and/or to simulatenetwork and/or WTRU functions.

The emulation devices may be designed to implement one or more tests ofother devices in a lab environment and/or in an operator networkenvironment. For example, the one or more emulation devices may performthe one or more, or all, functions while being fully or partiallyimplemented and/or deployed as part of a wired and/or wirelesscommunication network in order to test other devices within thecommunication network. The one or more emulation devices may perform theone or more, or all, functions while being temporarilyimplemented/deployed as part of a wired and/or wireless communicationnetwork. The emulation device may be directly coupled to another devicefor purposes of testing and/or may performing testing using over-the-airwireless communications.

The one or more emulation devices may perform the one or more, includingall, functions while not being implemented/deployed as part of a wiredand/or wireless communication network. For example, the emulationdevices may be utilized in a testing scenario in a testing laboratoryand/or a non-deployed (e.g., testing) wired and/or wirelesscommunication network in order to implement testing of one or morecomponents. The one or more emulation devices may be test equipment.Direct RF coupling and/or wireless communications via RF circuitry(e.g., which may include one or more antennas) may be used by theemulation devices to transmit and/or receive data.

A next generation of wireless systems is referred to as New Radio (NR).NR access technology may support a number of use cases, such as enhancedMobile Broadband (eMBB), ultra-high reliability and low latencycommunications (URLLC), and/or massive machine type communications(mMTC). Each use case may have its own set of requirements of spectralefficiency, low latency, and/or massive connectivity, for example.

A cellular wireless system (e.g., NR) may involve an uplink (UL) powercontrol mechanism for power allocation, uplink link adaptation, and/orinterference mitigation, e.g., for coexistence.

NR may support carrier aggregation (CA) and/or dual connectivity (DC).NR (e.g., in a DC configuration) may be implemented as a secondary cellor as aggregated cells in conjunction with a LTE cell or aggregatedcells. This scenario may be referred to as non-standalone (NSA) NRoperation. NR may be an anchor in DC, which may involve standaloneoperation (SA).

NR may support operation with more than one subcarrier spacing value.Values may be derived from 15 kHz, for example, by multiplication ordivision by a power of 2. Such operation may be referred to as scalablenumerology.

A WTRU may have a reference numerology in a given NR carrier. Forexample, a WTRU may have one reference numerology in a given NR carrier.A reference numerology may define the duration for a carrier. Forexample, a reference numerology may define the duration of a subframefor a carrier.

The duration of a subframe (e.g., in NR) for a reference numerology withsubcarrier spacing (2m*15) kHz may be ½^(m) ms.

NR may support multiplexing numerologies in time and/or frequency withina subframe or across subframes, e.g., from a WTRU perspective.

A slot may have a duration of a number y of OFDM symbols in numerologyused for a transmission. An integer number of slots may fit within a(e.g., one) subframe duration, for example, when subcarrier spacing maybe larger than or equal to that of reference numerology. A mini-slot maybe a transmission shorter than y OFDM symbols.

Use cases for NR UL power control may include, for example, one or moreof the following: (i) standalone NR single carrier operation (e.g., withsingle numerology or multiplexed numerology); (ii) NR carrieraggregation multiplexed numerology (e.g., in the same carrier or indifferent carriers that may be in the same band or in different bands);and/or (iii) NR in DC with different numerologies.

A WTRU may make a power allocation decision. For example, a WTRU maymake a power allocation decision for each transmission time unit. A WTRUmay make a power allocation decision that may take into consideration,for example, of one or more of the following factors: (i) pathlossmeasurements and/or estimation; (ii) UL grant(s) received from thenetwork; (iii) unscheduled or grant-less transmission (e.g., for URLLCtransmission); (iv) whether there may be an ongoing transmission on aconfigured carrier or numerology for a corresponding transmission timeunit; (v) how a WTRU may make resource selections based on availablepower; (vi) beamforming related information; and/or (vii) whether theremay be different types of concurrent transmissions that may be servedsimultaneously. Concurrent transmissions may lead to one or moredeterminations (e.g., by a WTRU) about prioritization in powerallocation, for example, for different cases on each carrier, acrosscarriers, across multiplexed numerologies, and/or across services (e.g.,URLLC and/or eMBB).

Power allocation may be determined for a SA NR single carrier mode. Forexample, power allocation may be determined for a SA NR single carriermode with single or multiplexed numerologies in frequency and/or timedomain. One or more numerologies multiplexed in a carrier (e.g., singlecarrier) in a frequency division multiplexing (FDM) or time divisionmultiplexing (TDM) mode may have different requirements (e.g., eMBBversus URLLC).

Power allocations may be determined for SA NR carrier aggregation (CA)or DC that may be generic for numerologies, multiplexed numerologies andspecific.

One or more rules and/or triggers may be defined for power controlrelated signaling (e.g., power headroom report) or power limitedsignaling.

One or more examples as described herein may be presented in the contextof a 5G wireless system (e.g., NR). Subject matter discussed herein maybe presented as an example and may be applicable to other systems.Subject matter may be used in any part or whole, separately or incombination and in any order or reordering in a wide variety ofimplementations (e.g., to other systems).

Power allocation may be dependent on numerology and/or one or morewaveforms. In examples, power allocation for a transmission may beadjusted to be proportional to a subcarrier spacing value or waveformused for the transmission. This may be realized, for example, byintroducing a term such as 10 log₁₀ (N_(i,c)) in a power allocationformula. N_(i,c) may be a ratio between a subcarrier carrier spacing(SCS) value that may be used for a transmission (e.g., SCS_(i,c)) and areference subcarrier spacing (e.g., SCS_(ref)). Reference subcarrierspacing may be, for example, 15 kHz. This example approach may provide apower spectrum density at a receiver that may remain constant overpossible subcarrier spacing values for a given number of physicalresource blocks. In examples, power allocation may be given by Eq. 1.

$\begin{matrix}{{P_{x,i,c}(q)} = {\min\begin{Bmatrix}{{P_{{CMAX},i,c}(q)},} \\{{10{\log_{10}\left( {M_{x,i,c}(q)} \right)}} + {10{\log_{10}\left( N_{i,c} \right)}} + {P_{{O\;\_\; x\;\_\; i},c}(q)} + {\alpha_{i,c} \cdot}} \\{{PL}_{i,c} + {\Delta_{{TF},i,c}(q)} + {f_{i,c}(q)}}\end{Bmatrix}}} & {{Eq}.\mspace{14mu} 1}\end{matrix}$

Index ‘x’ may refer to a type of transmission (e.g., uplink physicalchannel such as physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH), uplink soundingsignal such as sound reference signal (SRS), or uplink demodulationreference signal such as DM-RS. Index T may refer to a block ofresources using the same numerology (e.g., a numerology block) or aspectrum operating mode (SOM). Index ‘c’ may refer to a cell, hypercell,or a carrier. Index ‘q’ may refer to a specific time interval such as asubframe, slot, or mini-slot.

An offset value may depend on the waveform and/or subcarrier spacing,which may achieve an adjustment in power allocation.

Parameter P_(CMAX,i,c)(q) may refer to a configured maximum transmissionpower in cell c for numerology block i in time interval q. In examples,parameter P_(CMAX,i,c)(q) may be dependent on a beam direction, beamprocess, and/or a waveform.

Parameters P_(0_x_i,c)(q), α_(i,c), and/or Δ_(TFi,c)(q) may beconfigured by higher layers, for example, for each cell c, eachnumerology block i and/or for each waveform, and/or for each type oftransmission x. One or more parameters, described herein, may beinterpreted, for example, similar to LTE.

Parameter f_(i,c)(q) may correspond to a transmit power control commandthat may be received from downlink control information applicable to atransmission. In examples, parameter f_(i,c)(q) may be similar oridentical for one or more (e.g., all) numerology blocks i. In examples,parameter f_(i,c)(q) may be applicable (e.g., only applicable) for somenumerology blocks i and/or some waveforms.

Parameter PL_(i,c) may correspond to a path loss estimate associatedwith a cell and/or a numerology block, which may be based onmeasurements taken on a reference signal and/or based on an assumedtransmission power (e.g., cell- and/or numerology-block-specific) thatmay be configured by higher layers. The WTRU may be configured todetermine the resources used for an applicable reference signal. Forexample, resources for an applicable reference signal may be provided tothe WTRU semi-statically (e.g., via a configuration). For example,resources for an applicable reference signal may be provided dynamically(e.g., via downlink control information).

In examples, power allocation for a transmission may be a function of afrequency allocation of a transmission that may be expressed as a numberM_(ref) of physical resource blocks of a reference subcarrier spacing,such as 15 kHz. For example, a transmission using a subcarrier spacingof 60 kHz may have a frequency allocation of M physical resource blocksfor a subcarrier spacing of 60 kHz. This may be equivalent to afrequency allocation of M_(ref)=(60/15) M=4 M in reference numerology.In examples, power allocation (e.g., using an example approach describedherein) may be given by Eq. 2:

$\begin{matrix}{{P_{x,i,c}(q)} = {\min\begin{Bmatrix}{{P_{{CMAX},i,c}(q)},} \\{{10{\log_{10}\left( {M_{{Ref},x,{ic}}(q)} \right)}} + {P_{{O\;\_\; x\;\_\; i},c}(q)} + {\alpha_{i,c} \cdot {PL}_{i,c}} +} \\{{\Delta_{{TFi},c}(q)} + {f_{i,c}(q)}}\end{Bmatrix}}} & {{Eq}.\mspace{14mu} 2}\end{matrix}$

Power allocation may depend on waveform. A WTRU may be configured totransmit using one or more of multiple waveforms (e.g., cyclicprefix-orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (CP-OFDM), and/orSC-FDMA). The WTRU may be indicated to use a waveform for an ULtransmission using one or more of the following: an indication in an ULgrant (e.g., the indication of waveform type may be included in the ULgrant); and/or a semi-static configuration.

The WTRU may select a waveform type by using one or more of thefollowing: (i) control channel type used for UL grant (e.g., someparameters of a control channel (e.g., frequency location, numerology,and/or beam) used for granting UL resources may be tied to specificwaveforms); (ii) search space tied to waveforms; (iii) a type of ULtransmission (e.g., a scheduled UL transmission may use a firstwaveform, and a non-scheduled (e.g., grant-free) UL transmission may usea second waveform, and/or a contiguous allocation may use a firstwaveform, whereas a non-contiguous allocation may use a secondwaveform); (iv) a service type (e.g., URLLC transmission may use adifferent waveform than eMBB); (v) a retransmission number (e.g., afirst transmission may use a first waveform, whereas a retransmissionmay use a second waveform); (vi) a beam process ID; and/or (vii) aphysical channel (e.g., a PUSCH may use a first waveform, and a longphysical uplink control channel (PUCCH) (e.g., a PUCCH spanning multiplesymbols) may use a second waveform, and a short PUCCH (e.g., a PUCCHusing one or two symbols) may use a third waveform).

A WTRU may determine that the WTRU may change waveforms used for ULtransmission. The triggers used for changing waveform type may includeselection of a waveform type as described herein and/or one or more ofthe following: (i) channel characteristics (e.g., the pathloss value maybe used by the WTRU to determine the waveform to be used); and/or (ii)determination based on available power for each waveform type.

A WTRU may indicate to the network that the WTRU has determined that itmay change the waveform using one or more of the following: (i) bytransmitting a power headroom report (PHR) report for one or morewaveform types as described herein; (ii) by transmitting a buffer status(e.g., indicating that a WTRU may have little remaining data in itsbuffer and may tolerate latencies associated with waveforms havinglarger coding gain (e.g., smaller transport block sizes) due to powerlimitations); and/or (iii) by a feedback report that may include apreferred waveform type (e.g., including measurements (e.g., channelcharacteristics) to enable the network to determine an optimalwaveform).

A WTRU may transmit using multiple waveforms. For example, a WTRU maytransmit using multiple waveforms simultaneously. The power controlparameters as discussed herein may be applicable per group oftransmissions and/or categorized by waveform used. For example, one ormore (e.g., all) transmissions using SC-FDMA type may be governed by oneor more power control formulas using a first set of parameters, and oneor more (e.g., all) transmissions using CP-OFDM may be governed by oneor more power control formulas using a second set of parameters. Theparameters used for each waveform may be specific to the case ofmultiple simultaneous waveform transmissions.

The parameter P_(CMAX,i,c)(q) may refer to the configured maximumtransmission power in cell c for numerology block i in time interval qand may depend on a waveform used. The parameters (e.g.,P_(CMAX,i,c)(q), waveform specific offset, and/or compensationcoefficient α_(i,c)) for each waveform may depend on whether there aresimultaneous transmissions using multiple waveforms. The parameters maydepend on the relative size of each waveform's total allocation. Forexample, the P_(CMAX,i,c)(q) values used for simultaneous transmissionsof a first and second waveform may be based on the assumption of samesized allocation. Any divergence from that may lead to scaling theP_(CMAX,i,c)(q) values used for transmissions of each waveform (e.g.,scaled up for a larger relative allocation and scaled down for a smallerrelative allocation). For example, the scaling may be a function of therelative allocations and/or the absolute allocations of each waveformtype.

A waveform may use non-contiguous transmissions (e.g., transmissionsover blocks of non-adjacent physical resource blocks (PRBs)). A block ofcontiguous PRBs may have a (e.g., specific) set of parameters (e.g.,P_(CMAX,i,c)(q), waveform specific offset, and/or compensationcoefficient α_(i,c) values). The appropriate parameters to use maydepend on the location of the block within the over-all user and/orcarrier spectrum. The parameter values may depend on the number and/orlocation of simultaneous non-contiguous blocks (e.g., of the same ordifferent waveform). For example, a first set of parameters may be usedper-block (e.g., under the assumption that n non-contiguous blocks aretransmitted). A second set of parameters per-block may be used todetermine the power of the (e.g., remaining) n-x non-contiguous blocksto be transmitted (e.g., if a priority rule determines that x blocks areto be dropped).

The transmit power control (TPC) command (e.g., f_(i,c)(q) in the powercontrol formula described herein) may be waveform specific. A WTRU maymaintain one or more loops, e.g., one per waveform and/or beam. A TPCcommand may be used to indicate (e.g., dynamically indicate) a switch ofwaveforms. Waveforms may enable higher transmission power. For example,when a WTRU receives a TPC command that pushes the WTRU beyond thetransmit power capabilities of a first waveform, the WTRU may use asecond waveform that has remaining power available. The WTRU mayindicate to the network that it has switched or that the WTRU willswitch to a different waveform type.

The power control loop may be maintained over the use of one or moredifferent waveforms. A TPC command leading to a waveform switch mayreset some values of the closed-loop power control. For example, theaccumulated TPC command may lead to an increase (e.g., continuousincrease) in transmission power (e.g., until the waveform is switcheddynamically and the transmission power is reset to a lower value). TPCcommands (e.g., future commands) may act on the new reset value and/ornew waveform type.

Power allocation with multiple numerologies may consider a maximum DACdynamic range and/or maximum configured power. In examples, atransmission may use resources of one or more numerology block i duringa time interval q. This may be realized, for example, using a (e.g.,single) RF chain (e.g., as shown in an example illustrated in FIG. 2) orusing more than one RF chain.

Power allocated to a (e.g., each) numerology block may be adjusted, forexample, through multiplicative factors (e.g., g1 and/or g2) in basebandand/or additional or alternative multiplicative factors in RF. Inexamples, multiplicative factors may be a function of subcarrier spacingof a corresponding block. For example, g1 and g2 may be proportional tosubcarrier spacing used for first and second numerology blocks and maybe inversely proportional to N1 and N2, respectively. This example mayimplement a power dependency factor on numerology, e.g., as describedherein.

Factors g1 and g2 may be set independently within a dynamic rangeconstraint of a digital-to-analog converter (DAC). This example mayallow for numerology-block-dependent setting of other parameters and mayestimate parameters, such as P_(0_x_i,c)(q), α_(i,c), or PL_(i,c), whenreceiving nodes for different numerology blocks may not be the same orwhen a level of interference may be different between different blocks.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example of transmission over multiple numerologyblocks using a RF chain.

A power may be determined for a numerology block, for example, using aformula as described herein, for each block (e.g., for each numerologyblock). Power may be allocated, for example, when a transmission usingmultiple numerology blocks may use a RF chain (e.g., single RF chain).Power allocation for a (e.g., each) numerology block may be setdifferently from a required power per block. For example, powerallocation for a numerology block may be set differently from a requiredpower per block because of a dynamic range constraint of a DAC. A rangeconstraint may impose a maximum ratio R between the powers of twonumerology blocks. A ratio of required power per block may exceed R fora pair of blocks. In examples, power allocated to a block with thesmallest required power may be raised to P_(x,i′)/R. P_(x,i′) may be arequired power of a block with the largest required power. Powerallocated to a block with the largest required power may be set to thisrequired power.

Power allocated to a transmission using multiple numerology blocks(e.g., in linear units) may be a function of the sum of the powersrequired for each numerology block.

In examples, power allocation may be expressed according to Eq. 3:

$\begin{matrix}{{P_{x,c}(q)} = {\min\begin{Bmatrix}{{P_{{CMAX},c}(q)},} \\{10{\log_{10}\left( {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{m}10^{{P_{x,i,c}{(q)}}/10}} \right)}}\end{Bmatrix}}} & {{Eq}.\mspace{14mu} 3}\end{matrix}$

The number of numerology blocks may be denoted as m. The same or similarprocedure may apply, for example, when there may be m simultaneoustransmissions during a timer interval q, where each transmission may usea specific numerology block.

A configured maximum transmission power, P_(CMAX,c)(q), may beapplicable to the sum of transmissions over one or more (e.g., all)numerology blocks of cell c. Such a parameter may be determined by amaximum power reduction (MPR), which may be a function of frequencyallocations on each numerology block. For example, an applicable maximumpower reduction may depend on a difference in frequency betweenfrequency allocations of a pair of numerology blocks.

In examples, transmission powers over one or more (e.g., all) numerologyblocks may be scaled down by the same factor such that P_(CMAX,c)(q) maynot be exceeded, for example, when the sum of transmission powers overthe m numerology may exceed P_(CMAX,c)(q). For example, transmissionpowers over one or more numerology blocks may be scaled down by the samefactor for a (e.g., single) transmission using resources of multiplenumerology blocks. Transmission power may be scaled down by differentfactors, for example, depending on the numerology block. For example,transmission power may be scaled down by different factors for multiplesimultaneous transmissions. Scaling may be applied to certain numerologyblocks, for example, according to one or more priority rules dependingon a property of the numerology block (e.g., subcarrier spacing value orsymbol duration) and/or a property of the transmission using thenumerology block.

Power allocation may be used with an EIRP limitation. A WTRU may performsimultaneous transmissions using one or more beam b (e.g., or precoder).A (e.g., each) beam may be associated with a beam process and/or beampair link. A (e.g., each) beam may be associated to a separate RF chainto allow for separate transmissions.

A WTRU may have an (e.g., maximum) effective isotropic radiated power(EIRP). For example, a WTRU may have a maximum EIRP to comply with aregulatory requirement. A WTRU may impose a (e.g., maximum) totalradiated power (TRP). The WTRU allocating power to differenttransmissions while complying with the requirement may be describedherein.

Power scaling principles may be used. To comply with a requirement ofmaximum EIRP, the WTRU may ensure that the EIRP over any direction withrespect to the WTRU does not exceed the maximum EIRP (EIRP_(max)). Adirection may (e.g., typically) be defined in terms of elevation (theta)and azimuth (phi) in a spherical coordinate system centered at the WTRUlocation with a plane of reference tied to the WTRU physical geometry.To simplify notation in one or more examples described herein, a pair ofspherical coordinates (theta, phi) may be represented using a symbol d.

For a transmission t over a directional antenna system (e.g., such as anarray or panel), the EIRP in a specific direction d may be expressed asthe product of a conducted power P_(t) and of a gain functionG_(b(t))(d), where b(t) may be an index representing one of a set ofpossible beams (e.g., or radiation patterns) that may be synthesized fortransmission t. With a set of simultaneous transmissions over a timeinterval q, the requirement may be expressed as:

${\max\limits_{d}{\sum\limits_{t}^{\;}{{P_{t}(q)}{G_{b{(t)}}(d)}}}} \leq {{EIRP}_{{ma}\; x}(q)}$

The WTRU may comply with a requirement of maximum TRP (TRP_(max)), whereTRP may sum up power radiated over one or more (e.g., all) directions.The TRP_(max) requirement may be expressed as:

${\sum\limits_{t}^{\;}{{P_{t}(q)}G_{t}}} \leq {TRP}_{{ma}\; x}$

G_(t) may be a parameter dependent on the antenna system and RF chainused for the transmission. Such parameter may be assumed to be knownbased on calibration and testing procedures. The conducted powerP_(t)(q) may be calibrated such that G_(t)=1, for example. If theconducted power P_(t)(q) is calibrated to G_(t)=1, the requirement maybe similar to a maximum total transmission power, P_(CMAX), where Pammay be an upper bounded by TRP_(max).

If a set of conducted powers P_(t)(q) is calculated based on other powercontrol methods and if either EIRP_(max) or TRP_(max) would be exceededin a time interval q, the WTRU may scale transmission(s) such that thefollowing conditions are satisfied:

${\max\limits_{d}{\sum\limits_{t}^{\;}{{{w_{t}(i)} \cdot {P_{t}(q)}}{G_{b{(t)}}(d)}}}} \leq {{EIRP}_{{ma}\; x}(q)}$and${\sum\limits_{t}^{\;}{{{w_{t}(i)} \cdot P_{t}}(q)}} \leq {P_{CMAX}(q)}$where w_(t)(i) may be scaling factors between 0 and 1.

A WTRU may estimate the total EIRP in a particular direction d if theWTRU has a knowledge of the gain function G_(b(t))(d) of eachtransmission for a transmission d (e.g., every transmission d). The gainfunction for a given direction may be estimated based on knowledge ofthe antenna system geometry and the weights applied to each antennaelement. A WTRU may store gain functions for a pre-determined set ofdirections and a pre-determined set of possible beams. Gain functionsmay have been obtained from measurements or testing.

EIRP estimation and scaling using coupling parameters may be used. Todetermine whether scaling is needed due to EIRP, the WTRU may determine:Σ_(t)P_(t)(q)G_(b(t))(d) for a subset of directions d for which EIRP ismore likely to be maximum. For example, the WTRU may estimate a value ofEIRP for each transmission t, for the direction for which G_(b(t))(d) ismaximized. The maximum value may be referred to as G_(b) ^(max), and thecorresponding direction may be referred to as Db^(max). To estimate EIRPin that direction, the WTRU may add the contributions of other beams b′for which the gain may not be maximized at Db^(max). The total EIRP inthe direction for which the gain of beam b is maximized may bedetermined as:

${EIRP}_{{b{(t)}},{{ma}\; x}}^{tot} = {G_{b{(t)}}^{{ma}\; x}\left( {{P_{t}(q)} + {\sum\limits_{t^{\prime} \neq t}^{\;}{C_{{b{(t)}}{b^{\prime}{(t^{\prime})}}}{P_{t^{\prime}}(q)}}}} \right)}$where C_(b,b′) may be the ratio between the gain of beam b′ and the gainof beam b for the direction at which the gain of beam b may be maximum:

$C_{b,b^{\prime}} \equiv \frac{G_{b^{\prime}}\left( D_{b}^{{ma}\; x} \right)}{G_{b}^{{ma}\; x}}$

This ratio may be referred to as the coupling parameter for the pair ofbeams (b, b′) (e.g., ordered pair of beams (b, b′)). A WTRU maydetermine a value of EIRP_(b(t),max) ^(tot) for each transmission t andmay perform scaling. A WTRU may perform scaling such thatEIRP_(b(t),max) ^(tot) may not exceed EIRP_(max) for any t. Couplingparameters may not be assumed to be symmetrical. For example, C_(b,b′)may be different from C_(b′,b). The same value may be used (e.g., tosimplify calculations and/or reduce signaling overhead) for C_(b,b′) andC_(b′,b) (e.g., by using the maximum value between C_(b,b′) and C_(b′,b)as defined herein).

Determination of coupling parameters may be used.

The coupling parameters may be obtained. For example, the couplingparameters may be obtained when EIRP is estimated using one or more ofEIRP estimation approaches described herein. The coupling parameters maybe obtained using one or more of the approaches described herein.

A WTRU-based estimation of coupling parameters with signaling to networkmay be used.

Coupling parameters may be calculated and/or stored by the WTRU based onthe knowledge of the gain functions (e.g., of each possible beam thatmay be generated). Calculating and/or storing coupling parameters by theWTRU based on the knowledge of the gain functions may be used when thenumber of possible beams is not very large, or for certainimplementations such as grid of beams (GoB). The coupling parameters maybe stored based on measurements.

A WTRU may provide information (e.g., to assist network scheduling)related to coupling parameters according to one or more of thefollowing: (i) PHR triggered by change of P_(CMAX) per beam; (ii)reporting of coupling parameters; and/or (iii) network-based estimationof coupling parameters.

A PHR triggered by change of P_(CMAX) per beam may be used. A WTRU mayprovide power headroom (PH) information pertaining to a transmissionover a beam (e.g., or beam process) that may be based on one or morecoupling parameters with beams used for transmissions over other beams(e.g., or beam processes). The WTRU may calculate a PH for atransmission over a first beam (e.g., assuming that the WTRU would besimultaneously transmitting over a second beam using the conducted power(and/or pattern) last used for the second beam). The PH for a beam in atime interval q may be defined as the difference (e.g., in dB units)between a configured maximum transmission power applicable to the beamP_(CMAX,b)(q) and the required transmission power using the beam in thetime interval. The value of P_(CMAX,b)(q) may be dependent on the gainfunctions of the beams used, as described herein. A PHR may be triggeredat least when the value of P_(CMAX,b)(q) changes since the last reporttransmission. For example, a PHR may be triggered at least when theabsolute difference value of P_(CMAX,b)(q) changes higher than athreshold since the last report transmission.

Reporting of coupling parameters may be used. A WTRU may (e.g.,directly) provide the value of at least one coupling parameterapplicable to a pair of beams.

For example, the WTRU may transmit one or more coupling parameterspertaining to beams currently used or configured (e.g., for each beamprocess or beam pair link). The one or more coupling parameterinformation may be provided in media access control (MAC) layersignaling. The one or more coupling parameter information may beprovided in MAC layer along with or as part of a power headroom (PH)report. The report may be triggered based on changes in the value of oneor more of the coupling parameters. For example, a report may betriggered if the value of one or more coupling parameters changes bymore than a threshold, or becomes higher (or lower) than a threshold.The threshold may be pre-defined or configured by a higher layer. Theinformation (e.g., coupling parameters pertaining to beams currentlyused or configured) may be provided as physical layer signaling (e.g.,uplink control information). For example, coupling information may bequantized to a few bits, or a single bit. Coupling information may betransmitted periodically or upon following reception of downlink controlinformation. The transmitted coupling information may indicate an uplinkgrant or may indicate a trigger for the transmission of couplinginformation.

A WTRU may provide a set of coupling parameters between (e.g., all or asubset of) possible pairs of beams that may be generated by an (e.g.,each) antenna system. The set of coupling parameter information may beprovided by higher layer signaling, for example as part of capabilityinformation along with other antenna related information. The networkmay be informed of and/or may control the identities of the beams in usefor each beam process or beam pair link. For example, upon a change ofbeam for one or more beam processes, the WTRU may provide the identityof the new beam and/or the identity of the beam that most closelymatches the pattern of the new beam.

Network-based estimation of coupling parameters may be used. Thecoupling parameters may be obtained from signaling from the network,such as a physical layer, MAC, and/or radio resource control (RRC) layersignaling. For example, the coupling parameters applicable totransmission t may be provided as part of the corresponding grant. Thecoupling parameters may be measured at the transmit/receive point (TRP)network. For example, the coupling parameters may be measured at the TRPnetwork based on the assumption that most of the energy received at theTRP for beam b may be contributed by the main lobe of beam b. Using thesame beam at the TRP, the ratio between received power from a signaltransmitted using beam b and received power from a signal transmittedusing beam b′ may provide an estimate of C_(b,b′). The WTRU may transmita sounding signal using each beam. For example, the WTRU may transmit asounding signal using each beam upon reception of a trigger fromphysical layer or higher layer signaling.

Dual connectivity power allocation with an EIRP requirement may be used.A WTRU may be configured with two MAC instances (or cell groups), e.g.,in a NR-LTE, LTE-LTE, or NR-NR dual connectivity scenario. The WTRU maycalculate the power allocation of transmissions of one or more cellgroups based on EIRP requirements according to one of the following. AWTRU may determine a power available to a first cell group (e.g., interms of conducted power) by determining a tentative power allocation ofthe first cell group using power allocation with two cell groups, forexample using power control mode 1 or mode 2. A guaranteed poweravailable to each cell group may be considered. The WTRU may determineif the EIRP requirement would be satisfied when transmissions from thesecond cell group are taken into account. If the EIRP requirement wouldnot be satisfied with the tentative power allocation, the WTRU maydetermine an actual power allocation for the cell group that may belower than the tentative power allocation such that the EIRP requirementmay be met.

A WTRU may be configured to use power allocation where a powerallocation of a first cell group may be determined based on one or moreof the following: the configured maximum total power P_(CMAX), the totalpower of on-going transmissions of a second cell group, and/or theguaranteed power of a second cell group. A WTRU may determine atentative power allocation for a first cell group P_(CG1,t) using aprocedure for the determination of the power allocation of a cell groupwith power control mode 2. The WTRU may determine if EIRP_(max) would beexceeded (e.g., using one of the procedures described herein) for theportion that overlaps with the on-going transmissions of CG2 and for theportion that overlaps with the subsequent transmissions of CG2 asdescribed herein.

For the portion that overlaps with the on-going transmissions of CG2,the WTRU may scale transmissions of CG1 using factors w_(t′)(i) suchthat the following condition may be satisfied for any direction d:

${{\sum\limits_{t \in {{CG}\; 2}}^{\;}{{P_{t}(q)}{G_{b{(t)}}(d)}}} + {\sum\limits_{t \in {{CG}\; 1}}^{\;}{{{w_{t}^{\prime}(i)} \cdot {P_{t}(q)}}{G_{b{(t)}}(d)}}}} \leq {{EIRP}_{{ma}\; x}(q)}$

For the portion that overlaps with the subsequent transmissions of CG2,the WTRU may not be aware of the power requirements of suchtransmissions at the time of making the determination. A WTRU maydetermine or assume that CG2 would use up to its guaranteed power PCG2and that such guaranteed power may be used by a transmission (e.g.,single transmission) over a beam (e.g., single beam). The WTRU may scaletransmissions of CG1 using wt″(i) such that the following condition issatisfied for any direction d for any beam b(t′) that may be configuredto be used for a transmission of CG2.

${{\min\left\lbrack {{P_{{CG}\; 2}{G_{b{(t^{\prime})}}(d)}},{{EIRP}_{{ma}\; x}(q)}} \right\rbrack} + {\sum\limits_{t \in {{CG}\; 1}}^{\;}{w_{t}^{''}{(i) \cdot {P_{t}(q)}}{G_{b{(t)}}(d)}}}} \leq {{EIRP}_{{ma}\; x}(q)}$

The WTRU may determine or assume that CG2 would use up to its guaranteedpower but that such guaranteed power would be shared in a specific wayamong transmissions of CG2 (e.g., based on the latest transmission fromCG2 or on an equal basis). The WTRU may perform scaling according to thesame principles as described herein (e.g., based on couplingparameters).

For each transmission t of CG1, the WTRU may determine its scalingfactor as the minimum between wt′(i) and wt″(i).

Power allocation for transmission may use multiple beams with P_(CMAX)configured per direction. For example, a WTRU may be configured toperform a first transmission using a first transmission beam and asecond transmission using a second transmission beam.

A WTRU may use (e.g., to comply with EIRP) coupling parameters that takethe value 0 or 1 depending on the angular separation between the mainlobes of the beams illustrated FIGS. 3 and 4 respectively, where alphaand beta may represent separation between beam 1 and beam 2 in angulardomain, and theta may be an angular threshold. As shown in FIG. 3, alphamay be larger than the threshold (e.g., theta). As shown in FIG. 4, betamay be smaller than the angular threshold (e.g., theta). The angularseparation between the beams may be based on one or more of an angulardistance, directional correlation, and/or spatial separation of thefirst and second transmission beam.

A WTRU may determine/configure an uplink transmission power (e.g.,maximum transmission power) for one or more of the first or secondtransmissions. For example, a configured maximum transmission powerP_(CMAX,d)(q) may be defined and be applicable on a per beam (ordirection) basis. For example, the total power of multiple beams mayexceed a threshold if the beams are separated by more than a firstseparation threshold (e.g., theta) in spatial (or angular) domain. Ifthe angular separation of the first and second transmission beams isgreater than the first separation threshold, the uplink transmissionpower may be determined. For example, the uplink transmission power maybe determined based on the first transmission and the secondtransmission. The first transmission may be associated with the firsttransmission beam having a first maximum power level parameter. Thesecond transmission may be associated with the second transmission beamhaving a second maximum power level parameter. If a system uses ananalog beam capable antenna system (e.g., having fixed angularseparation), angular separation of the beams may be configured based onthe location/position of the antenna in the system. The configuredmaximum transmission power per direction may be defined in terms ofconducted power (e.g., first and second maximum power level parameter).For example, the configured maximum transmission power per direction maybe determined based on EIRP_(max)(q) and/or the maximum gain Gb^(max)over one or more (e.g., all) possible beams that may be synthesized bythe WTRU, e.g., P_(CMAX,d)(q)=EIRP_(max)(q)/Gb^(max). P_(CMAX,d)(q) maybe defined in terms of EIRP. The threshold used with P_(CMAX,a) may behalf-power bandwidth. The half-power bandwidth may be signaled as partof the WTRU beamforming capability.

A WTRU may determine a total transmission power P_(x,b)(q) for one ormore (e.g., all) transmissions, for example, using a beam b, which maybe based on one or more example procedures discussed herein. Forexample, if an angular separation of the first and second transmissionbeams is less than a second separation threshold, the uplinktransmission power may be determined. For example, the uplinktransmission power may be determined based on the first transmission andthe second transmission having a shared maximum power level parameter.For example, the first transmission may be associated with the firsttransmission beam, and the second transmission may be associated withthe second transmission beam. A WTRU may determine (e.g., for eachsubset of beams that may be within a spatial separation threshold) a sumof transmission powers (e.g., in linear units) over a subset of beams(e.g., if the angular separation of the transmission beams is less thana separation threshold). A sum of transmission powers may exceed aconfigured maximum transmission power P_(CMAX,a)(q). A WTRU may scaledown a power of at least one transmission (e.g., using at least one ofthe subset of beams) so that P_(CMAX,a)(q) may not be exceeded. Theconducted transmission powers of each transmission may be multiplied bythe maximum gain of the corresponding beam before the summation (e.g.,where P_(CMAX,a)(q) may be defined in terms of EIRP). Scaling may beapplied to certain transmissions (e.g., in a certain order), forexample, according to one or more priority rules.

The first transmission and the second transmission may be transmittedusing the first transmission beam and second transmission, respectively.The transmitted first and/or second beam may be scaled.

Reduction of P_(CMAX) applicable to a beam caused by EIRP may be used. Aconfigured maximum transmission power P_(CMAX,b)(q) may be defined fortransmission over a beam or beam process in a time interval q. A powerreduction (e.g., maximum power reduction) due to EIRP may be applied inthe time interval if the WTRU is simultaneously transmitting in the timeinterval q using at least one second beam b′. The amount of reductionmay be determined as a function of the gain e.g., G_(b)(d) and/orG_(b′)(d). For an example, the amount of reduction may be based oncoupling parameters C_(b,b′) and C_(b′,b). In examples, the amount ofreduction may be determined based on the angular separation between themain lobes of b and b′.

A transmission may be capped by P_(CMAX,b)(q). Subsequent scaling may beapplied to comply with total radiated power and/or EIRP requirements asdescribed herein.

Resource selection may be power-aware. A WTRU may select a resource fora first transmission, for example, from a set of configured resourcesprovided by physical layer signaling and/or higher layer signaling. Aresource may be defined in time, frequency, and/or space (or beam)domain. A first transmission may occur with a second transmission forwhich resource selection may not apply. For example, the firsttransmission may occur simultaneously with the second transmission forwhich resource selection may not apply to a fully scheduledtransmission.

In examples, selection of a resource for a first transmission may bebased on a resource used for a second transmission. For example, thefirst transmission may be based on a resource used for the secondtransmission to attempt to maximize a configured maximum transmissionpower that may be applicable to the total transmission power of bothtransmissions. A resource may be selected so that the allocated powerfor a first transmission may be maximized (e.g., up to its required ordesired power), for example, based on the configured maximumtransmission power applicable to the total transmission and otherconfigured maximum transmission power parameters that may be applicableto each transmission, e.g., individually.

A second transmission may occupy resources in the frequency domain inaccordance with a given allocation. For example, a frequency domainallocation of a first transmission may be selected so as to attempt tomaximize the applicable configured maximum transmission powerP_(CMAX,c)(q) A frequency domain allocation of the first transmissionmay be selected minimize a maximum power reduction. A frequency domainallocation of the first transmission may be selected to adjust maximumpower reduction. Maximization may be achieved. For example, maximizationmay be achieved by maximizing a gap between the frequency allocations ofmultiple (e.g., both) transmissions.

In examples, a second transmission may utilize a certain beam. A beamused for the first transmission may be selected to attempt to maximizeits transmission power. For example, the beam used for the firsttransmission may be selected to attempt to maximize the transmissionpower up to its required or desired power. The beam may be selected toattempt to maximize the transmission power based on a configured maximumtransmission power per direction P_(CMAX,d)(q) and/or other configuredmaximum transmission power per beam. Selecting a beam used for the firsttransmission to maximize the transmission power, as described herein,may result in a WTRU selecting a beam for a first transmission whosespatial (or angular) separation with the beam used for a secondtransmission may be above a threshold, for example, when scaling may beused to satisfy a configured maximum transmission power per direction.

Power prioritization and priority rules applicable to transmissions mayuse one or more numerologies, beams, and/or waveforms. Scaling may beapplied over a set of numerology blocks or transmissions. One or more ofthe following properties (or criteria) may be used to determine priorityorder and/or properties used in other systems (such as a type ofinformation carried by a transmission): (i) a numerology parameterapplicable to a numerology block or transmission (e.g., scaling may beapplied to transmissions using a lower subcarrier spacing, or a largersymbol duration); (ii) duration of a transmission; (iii) a beam index orbeam process index (e.g., scaling may be applied last to transmissionsassociated with a primary beam); (iv) an explicit indication receivedfrom downlink control information applicable to a transmission ornumerology block; (v) a property associated with a beam (or usage ofbeam); (vi) waveform used for transmission (e.g., CP-OFDM or SC-FDMA);and/or (vii) type of UL transmission (e.g., scaling may be applied to atransmission performed without an UL grant and/or to a transmissionusing multiple repetition for higher reliability). For example, scalingmay be applied (e.g., last) to transmissions associated with a beamprocess associated to control transmissions in downlink and/or uplink orscaling may be applied (e.g., last) to transmissions associated with adefault beam or fallback beam.

Overall priority between transmissions or numerology blocks may bedetermined from one or more criterion. In examples, a second or othercriterion described herein may be considered, for example, when a valueof a first criterion may be the same among transmissions to beprioritized. For example, transmissions may be (e.g., first) prioritizedby the information that the transmissions carry (e.g., a type of higherlayer data and/or control information) and (e.g., second) by subcarrierspacing. Subcarrier spacing criterion may be considered amongtransmissions of the same type of higher layer data and/or controlinformation.

A transmission using a first waveform may apply a first set ofprioritization based on a first combination of one or more (e.g., all)of the properties described herein, and transmissions using a secondwaveform may apply a second set of prioritization based on a secondcombination of one or more (e.g., all) of the properties describedherein. The priorities may be defined per waveform and, within eachwaveform, (e.g., where multiple simultaneous transmissions may occurusing multiple different waveforms) the appropriate set of some or allof the above priorities may be used. In other example, the prioritiesfor multiple simultaneous waveform transmissions may be of a third setof prioritization based on a third combination of one or more of theproperties described herein. The first, second, and third combinationmay include one or more of different properties described herein.

UL transmissions may be scheduled in a non-contiguous manner. Forexample, one or more UL transmissions may be scheduled over sets ofnon-adjacent PRBs in a non-contiguous manner. A WTRU may be configuredwith a set of priorities based on one or more (e.g., all) of theproperties described herein and/or on whether contiguous ornon-contiguous allocation is used.

A non-contiguous allocation may include one or more (e.g., multiple)blocks of contiguous PRBs. A block (e.g., each block) may be defined tohave its own priority. In examples, the priority order of the blocks maybe pre-configured. In examples, the priority order of the blocks may beindicated to the WTRU. The priority of the blocks may depend on theblocks' location within the carrier. For example, blocks located nearthe edge of a bandwidth may have different priorities than blockslocated near the middle. The priority of the blocks may depend on afrequency domain location within a carrier. For example, a carrier maybe divided into one or more regions (e.g., in frequency domain) withdifferent waveform use. Blocks transmitted near the edge of such aregion may use lower power to enable appropriate filtering. The blocktransmitted near the edge may have high priority (e.g., they may beusing reduced power). In examples, blocks near the edge may be given lowpriority (e.g., they may cause an interference).

Power applicable to transmissions associated with a numerology block orbeam may be guaranteed. A guaranteed power may be expressed as a ratioof a configured maximum transmission power. A guaranteed power expressedas a ratio of a configured maximum transmission power may be configuredfor one or more types of transmissions and/or numerology blocks. Aguaranteed power may be configured for a subset of transmissions.Scaling down of power for a subset of transmissions may be constrainedto not result in decreasing the total power of the subset below aguaranteed power. For example, if a guaranteed power is configured for acertain subset of transmissions, scaling down of power for a subset oftransmissions may be constrained to not result in decreasing the totalpower of the subset below a guaranteed power. A guaranteed power may beapplied to subset of transmissions based on, for example, one or more ofthe following properties: (i) scheduled transmissions or unscheduledtransmissions; (ii) transmissions indicated (e.g., explicitly indicated)to be subject to guaranteed power by downlink control information; (iii)transmissions associated with a numerology block (e.g., or using acertain subcarrier spacing); (iv) transmissions associated with acertain beam or beam process (e.g., a beam index, a primary beam, a beamused for control information, a fallback beam, and/or a default beam);(v) transmissions associated to a waveform type; and/or (vi) contiguousor non-contiguous allocation.

A WTRU with multiple simultaneous transmissions using multiple waveformsmay be configured with guaranteed minimum power for each set oftransmissions for each waveform type. If minimum power for each set oftransmissions for each waveform type is ensured, the WTRU may allocateany remaining power in a manner using priority rules as describedherein.

Different blocks of PRBs in a non-contiguous allocation may havedifferent guaranteed minimum power. The different guaranteed minimumpower of each block may depend on the content of the transmission of ablock or the location within the over-all carrier spectrum of a block.

A WTRU may determine the transmission power for a transmission (e.g., orfor a portion of a transmission) in a first numerology block as afunction of guaranteed powers for a first and second numerology blocks.The first and second numerology blocks may correspond to different TTIdurations. The first and second numerology blocks may belong to the sameMAC instance.

The guaranteed powers may be determined semi-statically and/ordynamically, for example, based on a field of downlink controlinformation (DCI) signaling the grant applicable to the firsttransmission. The values may be determined based on whether thetransmission overlaps in time with time occasions (e.g., or resourcesdefined in the time domain) configured by higher layers. Time resourcesmay correspond to resources available to certain types of transmission(e.g., higher priority transmissions).

When determining the available transmission power for transmissions ofthe first numerology block, the WTRU may change the power such thattransmissions of the second numerology that may overlap in time with thefirst transmission (e.g., starting at the same time or later than thefirst transmission) may be allocated up to the guaranteed power for thesecond numerology block, according to principles similar to powercontrol mode 2 for dual connectivity. If at least one transmission ofthe second numerology block starts at the same time as the firsttransmission and the WTRU can determine that no other transmission fromthe second numerology block starting later can overlap, the WTRU maydetermine the power of the first transmission based on the powerrequirements of the transmission of the second numerology block. TheWTRU may take into account the guaranteed power applicable to the firsttransmission and/or other priority criteria, for example, according toprinciples similar to power control mode 1 for dual connectivity when,for example, at least one transmission of the second numerology blockstarts at the same time as the first transmission and the WTRU candetermine that no other transmission from the second numerology blockstarting later can overlap.

The power allocation of a transmission may be allowed to change atcertain times. Each interval of time over which power is not allowed tochange may be referred to as a portion. In case a transmission of afirst numerology block has more than a portion, the determination ofpower for each portion may be based on transmissions of the secondnumerology blocks that may overlap in time within the portion. The WTRUmay determine guaranteed power values that are dependent on the specificportion of the transmission. The guaranteed power values may be providedby dynamic signaling. The values may be determined based on whether theportion overlaps with time occasions (e.g., or resources defined in thetime domain) defined by higher layers.

The guaranteed power for a numerology block may be expressed in terms ofa fraction of the configured total maximum power for the WTRU (e.g.,P_(CMAX)) or of the available power to the MAC in absolute units (e.g.,in mW or dBm), at least when the WTRU is configured with a MAC instance.

A WTRU may be configured with two MAC instances. One or more numerologyblocks may be associated with each MAC instance. The WTRU may determinethe power available to a first MAC instance, based on the transmissionpowers of on-going transmissions and/or the guaranteed power for asecond MAC instance. The WTRU may determine a guaranteed power for eachnumerology block associated to the first MAC instance as a fraction ofthe power available to the first MAC instance. The fraction may besignaled using physical layer and/or higher layer signaling as describedherein.

Power may be allocated in the presence of unintended receivers (e.g.,victim nodes). In examples, receiving nodes may be densely packed in aclose geographic proximity. A receiving node may be, for example, aWTRU, a TRP, a relay, and the like. Data transmitted may originate fromone or more of WTRUs, TRPs, and/or relays. Flexibility may permitmultiple directions of transmissions (e.g., UL, DL, and/or single-link(SL)) to be scheduled simultaneously on overlapping sets of resources.

Interference may be reduced on neighboring receiving nodes. A WTRU maybe based on its contribution to that interference and may modify its ULtransmission power. This may be applicable, for example, whenbeamforming may be used, and when a WTRU transmits in a beam directionto its intended receiving node with another receiving node (e.g., avictim node) located along the same beam path.

A WTRU may be configured with a set of parameters that the WTRU may useto modify its UL power control formulas. Parameters that may be used tomodify UL power control formulas may include, for example, one or moreof the following: (i) total number of victim nodes; (ii) identity ofvictim node(s); (iii) path loss to victim node(s); (iv) maximum receiveinterference power at victim node(s); (v) alpha factor; (vi) numerologyused at victim node(s); (vii) resources on which to modify UL power;and/or (viii) type of victim node(s).

In examples of a total number of victim nodes, a WTRU's transmission maycreate interference to a set of nodes, which may be deemed victim nodes.A WTRU may be configured with a number of victim nodes, for example,given that the power formula the WTRU uses may be a function of thetotal number of victim nodes (e.g., many victims, a single victim,and/or no victim).

In examples of identity of victim node(s), an identity of a node may(e.g., first) enable a WTRU to find resources on which it may makemeasurements, for example, to determine the value of an item on thislist.

In examples of path loss to victim node(s), a WTRU may calculate a pathloss to victim node(s). Calculating a pathloss to victim node(s) mayinvolve knowledge of the transmission power of victim node(s), which maybe indicated by a serving node, may be broadcast by potential victimnodes, or may be signaled in a dedicated manner from potential victimnode(s).

In examples of a maximum receive interference power at victim node(s), aparameter may indicate to a WTRU a maximum interference power that avictim node may be able to operate with.

An alpha factor may indicate, for example, a potential per victim node.

In examples of resources on which to modify UL power, a WTRU may use afirst power control formula assuming a number of victim nodes (e.g.,many, one, and/or none) for transmission in a first set of resources andmay use a second power control formula assuming a different number ofvictim node (e.g., many, one, and/or none) for transmissions in a secondset of resources. Resources may be, for example, one or more of thefollowing: time resources (e.g., subframes, slots, or symbol), frequencyresources (e.g., PRBs or subcarriers), spatial resources (e.g., analogor digital beams), non-orthogonal multiple access resources (e.g.,spreading sequence or interleaver), and/or the like.

In examples of type of victim node(s), victim nodes may be segregatedinto types (e.g., WTRUs, TRPs, and/or relays). Other parameters may beaffected, for example, depending on the type of victim nodes. Forexample, the alpha factor of a victim node may take on a different valuedepending on the victim node type.

One or more of parameters described herein and/or other parameters maybe included in a power control formula, such as an example formulapresented herein. For example, a WTRU may be transmitting using anumerology (e.g., a single numerology). A WTRU may be configured with aset K victim nodes. A WTRU may determine a PUSCH transmitted powerusing, for example, Eq. 4:

$\begin{matrix}{{P_{x,i,c}(q)} = {\min\begin{Bmatrix}{{P_{{CMAX},c}(q)},} \\{{\min\limits_{k \in K}\left( {{P_{{O\;\_\;{INT}},k,c}(q)} + {\alpha_{k} \cdot {PL}_{k}} + \theta_{k}} \right)},} \\{{10{\log_{10}\left( {M_{x,i,c}(q)} \right)}} + {10 \cdot {\log_{10}\left( N_{i,c} \right)}} + {P_{{O\;\_\; x},i,c}(q)} +} \\{{\alpha_{c} \cdot {PL}_{c}} + {\Delta_{{TF},c}(q)} + {f_{c}(q)}}\end{Bmatrix}}} & {{Eq}.\mspace{14mu} 4}\end{matrix}$

P_(O_INT,k,c) may be a maximum interference power allowable at victimnode k, and θ_(k) may be an offset factor (e.g., similar to one or morecombination of M_(x,i,c)(q), N_(i,c), Δ_(TF,c)(q) and/or f_(c)(q)).

Other equations, such as examples presented herein, may be modified, forexample, by including one or more parameters associated with victimnodes in a power control formula, such as described herein. For example,a WTRU may determine a transmitted power using Eq. 5:

$\begin{matrix}{{P_{x,i,c}(q)} = {\min\begin{Bmatrix}{{P_{{CMAX},c}(q)},} \\{{10{\log_{10}\left( {M_{x,i,c}(q)} \right)}} + {10 \cdot {\log_{10}\left( N_{i,c} \right)}} + {P_{{O\;\_\; x},i,c}(j)} +} \\{{{\alpha_{c}^{*}(j)} \cdot {PL}_{c}} + {\Delta_{{TF},c}(q)} + {f_{c}(q)}}\end{Bmatrix}}} & {{Eq}.\mspace{14mu} 5}\end{matrix}$

In examples, a WTRU may use a different set of parameters (e.g., otherthan those indicated in formulas presented herein), and the differentset of parameters may depend on the presence of one or more victimnodes. For example, the value used for α_(c)*(j) in Eq. 5 may depend onthe presence of one or more victim nodes. In examples, a power controlformula may produce multiple different values depending on the presencevictim node(s) (e.g., none, one or more victim nodes).

A WTRU may receive a dynamic indication of one or more (e.g., enhanced)power control formulas, which may, for example, account for the presenceof victim nodes. For example, a WTRU may be semi-statically configuredwith a power control parameter adjustment to use in the presence of avictim node. A dynamic indication may be used to switch or toggle a WTRUbetween using power control formulas that may assume, for example,multiple, one, or no victim nodes.

One or more parameters to use in a (e.g., an enhanced) power controlformula may be determined, for example, by a WTRU. For example, a WTRUmay be configured with a set of resources on which the WTRU may makemeasurements from a number of possible victim nodes. In examples, a WTRUmay determine (e.g., determine autonomously) resources on which the WTRUmay make measurements from a number of possible victim nodes.

A WTRU may indicate a set of victim nodes to its serving node. A set maybe composed of nodes whose measurements may achieve a certain criterion.For example, a WTRU may measure path loss on resources and may selectthe top n nodes achieving the lowest path loss value. In examples, aWTRU may measure path loss on resources and may select one or more nodeswhose path loss may be within a delta value of the path loss to itsserving node. In examples, a WTRU may measure activity (e.g., as afunction of ratio of presence of a signal transmitted in a resource) andmay report a set of n nodes for which the activity may be consideredabove a threshold.

Dual connectivity may permit multiple (e.g., two) scheduling entitiesand may not synchronize carrier (e.g., there may be a reference subframerule for overlapping transmissions). A time domain numerology may differbetween base stations, for example, when using DC with NR. A rule in DCmay be to define a time domain related reference entity on which powerallocation rules may rely on. The longest time domain scheduling entitymay be a reference for power control procedures.

In examples, a WTRU may start a power allocation process for overlappingtransmission between carriers with a carrier that may hold a referencetime entity using, for example, basic allocation rules defined for acarrier followed by lower time based scheduled entities. If a powerlimitation occurs, a WTRU may consider a priority that may be determinedto have been network signaled. For example, the WTRU may consider apriority that may be determined to have been network signaled based onSCS size or the shortest time domain configured scheduling resource.

If a power limited situation occurs, other (e.g., similar) rulesdescribed in various (e.g., CA) scenarios may be followed, for example,along with WTRU signaling to a network at a master base station or aconfiguring master network entity about a power limitation situation(e.g., with similar consequences from the network side).

Power sharing with band-dependent power may be used. For example, powersharing with band-dependent maximum power may be used. There may be alimitation regarding the maximum total transmission power that isdependent on one or more characteristics of the set of transmissions.For example, the allowed maximum total transmission power may bedependent on one or more of a frequency band, a radio access technology(RAT), and/or a waveform type. For example, a maximum total transmissionpower may be dependent on the frequency band due to differing maximumsurface absorption rate (SAR) requirements depending on the band.

When a WTRU performs (e.g., simultaneously performs) transmissions thatdo not share one or more (e.g., all) the same characteristics, forexample transmissions in different frequency bands, one or more of thetransmissions may be subject to a limitation. For example, one or moreof the transmissions may be subject to a limitation on the maximum totalnormalized transmission power. The normalized transmission power may bedefined as the ratio (e.g., in linear units) between the transmissionpower and the maximum total transmission power applicable to a set oftransmissions having the same characteristics (e.g., on the samefrequency band). The maximum total normalized transmission power may beequal to one (1). For example, the maximum total normalized transmissionpower being equal to one may be represented by the following formula:

${\sum\limits_{b}^{\;}{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{N_{b}}\frac{P_{i,b}}{P_{{CMAX},b}}}} \leq 1$

In this formula, the parameter b may represent an index over sets oftransmissions, where each set may share the same characteristics (e.g.,frequency band). The parameter i may represent an index overtransmissions within each set. Parameter N_(b) may represent the numberof transmissions in the b^(th) set. Parameter P_(i,b) may represent thetransmission power of the i^(th) transmission of the b^(th) set.P_(CMAX,b) may represent a configured maximum total transmission powerapplicable to transmissions of the b^(th) set. P_(CMAX,b) as configuredmaximum total transmission power for a b set may include a powerreduction related to the specific band, for example due to SAR or MPE(Maximum Power Exposure) safety limit, respectively.

Using a limitation for the maximum total power may ensure that the WTRUsatisfies requirements related to surface absorption rate caused byexposure to transmissions in multiple frequency bands.

If a limitation is defined in terms of total normalized transmissionpower, the determination of power sharing between transmissions (e.g.,or of power scaling) may be based on one or more of the followingcriterion/procedures.

An example technique for determining how power is to be shared (e.g., orhow power is to be scaled) between transmissions may utilize aconfigured guaranteed power for one or more of the transmissions (e.g.,for each transmissions). For example, a guaranteed power may beconfigured for the transmissions of a cell group, numerology block,and/or beam. Guaranteed power may be defined as a ratio (e.g.,percentage) of a configured total transmission power. The configuredtotal transmission power may be a function of the cell group, numerologyblock, and/or beam for which the guaranteed power may be applicable. Ifthe configured total transmission power is a function of the cell group,numerology block, and/or beam for which the guaranteed power isapplicable, the guaranteed power may be referred to as a guaranteednormalized power.

Power allocation or power scaling may be performed using normalizedpower. For example, power allocation or power scaling may be performedusing normalized power rather than and/or in addition to using absolutepower. For example, normalized power may divide the transmission powerby configured total transmission power applicable to the set oftransmissions.

Power allocation may be performed with two or more cell groups. Forexample, power allocation may be performed with two cell groups: a firstcorresponding to a set of carriers within the 3.5 GHz band and a secondcorresponding to a set of carriers at around 30 GHz. The configuredmaximum total power applicable to the first cell group (at 3.5 GHz) maybe 23 dBm (or 200 mW), while the configured maximum total powerapplicable to the second cell group (at 30 GHz) may be 20 dBm (or 100mW). The guaranteed (e.g., normalized) power may be 30% and 40% for thefirst and second cell groups, respectively. The WTRU may determine(e.g., a required or desired) transmission power for each transmissionof each cell group using, for example, open-loop power control,closed-loop power control, and/or a combination of open-loop and closedloop power control. The WTRU may determine a normalized requiredtransmission power for each transmission by dividing (e.g., in linearunits) the required transmission power by the configured maximum totalpower applicable to the cell group of the transmission. For example, fora transmission requiring 13 dBm (or 20 mW) in the first cell group, thenormalized required transmission power may be (20 mW/200 mW)=0.10, whilefor a transmission requiring 13 dBm (or 20 mW) in the second cell group,the normalized required transmission power would be (20 mW/100 mW)=0.20.Power allocation calculations may be similar to the calculations usedfor power control mode 1 (or mode 2) for LTE dual connectivity, exceptthat scaling may be applied to the normalized required transmissionpower values instead of the absolute required transmission power values.The guaranteed normalized powers and the remaining power (e.g., 100%minus the sum of guaranteed powers) may be expressed as a ratio. Whencalculations are completed, the sum of the scaled normalizedtransmission power values may not exceed the value one (1). The WTRU maydetermine the actual scaled transmission power value for a specifictransmission by multiplying the scaled normalized transmission power bythe configured total transmission power applicable to the cell group ofthis transmission. For example, if the scaled normalized transmissionpower is 0.10 for a transmission of the second cell group, the actualscaled transmission power may be (0.10×100 mW)=10 mW or 10 dBm.

A WTRU and a network entity (e.g., gNB) may exchange power controlrelated signaling. A power headroom report (PHR) may be triggered and/orcalculated with multiple numerologies.

Uplink transmissions in the time domain for multiplexed numerologiesand/or waveforms may or may not overlap, for example, depending onconfiguration and/or multiplexing transmission state of the uplinktransmissions.

One or more types of PHR may be defined, for example, when multiplenumerologies and/or waveforms are multiplexed. For example, a type ofPHR may be defined for a specific numerology and/or waveforms and may becomputed as a difference between P_(CMAX,c)(q) and P_(x,i,c)(q)allocated power during transmission time q.

A virtual PHR may be computed (e.g., when a WTRU supports unscheduledtransmissions that are not ongoing), for example, by subtracting fromP_(CMAX,c)(q) (e.g., computed with coexistence related back offs set tozero) a virtual power allocation P_(x,i,c)(q) by an unscheduled butreserved grant.

A power headroom report (PHR) for a numerology and/or waveforms may takeinto consideration a power reservation ratio (e.g., when signaled ordetermined), for example, by calculating its power headroom against itsreserved power ratio.

An example type of PHR may be a composite. A composite PHR may be basedon one or more (e.g., all) ongoing transmissions. A composite PHR mayinclude, for example, one or more of the following: (i) an individualnumerology and/or waveforms related PHR for real transmissions; (ii) acombination of a real transmission PHR combined with a virtualtransmission for unscheduled ones on another numerology and/orwaveforms; and/or (iii) a virtual PHR for different numerologies and/orwaveforms (e.g., when no real transmissions occurred in a past specificdefined time interval duration).

A PHR may take into consideration whether contiguous or non-contiguousallocations are expected. If a PHR expects a non-contiguous allocation,a WTRU may be configured to use different MPR values per non-contiguousblock (e.g., depending on the location within the over-all carrierspectrum of each block). The PHR type may segment the spectrum into oneor more different regions (e.g., each with an assumed MPR value) and maylead to reporting a different PHR per region. The PHR may include valuesfor different combinations of non-contiguous blocks. For example, fortransmissions assuming blocks at one edge of the spectrum and at thecenter, the WTRU may report a first PHR value. For transmissions at bothedges of the spectrum, the WTRU may report a second PHR value.

A PHR may be transmitted by the WTRU to the based station for assistingwith scheduling. A PHR may be periodically scheduled or triggered, forexample, by a change in one or more parameters, such as one or more ofthe following: (i) a path loss change beyond a threshold to the bestserving TRP; (ii) a change in TRP serving set (e.g., a collection ofTRPs that a WTRU may be actively communicating with); (iii) output powermanagement reductions (P-MPR) or (e.g., sudden) changes of uplink powertransmissions (e.g., NR may support unscheduled transmissions); (iv)dual connectivity (e.g., when an unscheduled transmission starts onecarrier and the other scheduling entity may be configured to be aware ofpower reductions); and/or (v) a change of waveforms (e.g., a WTRU may beindicated or determined autonomously when to change waveforms and/or anevent may trigger a PHR for one or more of the new waveform type and/orfor one or more (e.g., all) possible waveform types).

A limited power situation may be signaled, for example, when powerreservation is used. A power reservation for a specific carrier ornumerology may cause limited power. A WTRU may determine that there maybe a priority hierarchy between numerologies (e.g., carriers). A WTRUmay signal the power limitation to the network. For example, a WTRU mayset a bit flag that may be specific to a numerology or carrier. A WTRUmay send a PHR with a zero or negative power headroom indication or aMAC indication. A WTRU may trigger a RRC event. A network may signal anew power reservation ratio. For example, a network may signal a newpower reservation ration upon reception of an indication from a WTRU. Anetwork may perform a resource allocation reconfiguration. A network mayadapt uplink scheduling grants to available resources. A may trigger ahandover preparation.

Systems, methods, and instrumentalities have been disclosed for uplinkpower control, e.g., for New Radio (NR). A WTRU may perform powercontrol for uplink transmissions with multiplexed numerologies,beamforming, and/or related signaling. For example, WTRU may determine atransmission power based on one or more of power allocation rules,priorities, dependency on numerology, multiplexed numerologies,interference (e.g., victim nodes), beamforming, and/or uplink powercontrol related signaling. Power allocation may be dependent onnumerology. Power allocation with multiple numerologies may consider amaximum DAC dynamic range and/or a maximum configured power. Powerapplicable to transmissions may be guaranteed. Power allocation fortransmission may use multiple beams with P_(CMAX) configured perdirection. Resource selection may be power-aware. Priority rules may beapplicable to transmissions using multiple numerologies and/or beams.Power may be allocated based on the presence of unintended receivers(e.g., victim nodes). Power headroom reports may be triggered and/orcalculated with multiple numerologies. Power limitations may be signaledwith multiplexed numerologies.

The processes and instrumentalities described herein may apply in anycombination, may apply to other wireless technologies, and for otherservices.

A WTRU may refer to an identity of the physical device, or to the user'sidentity such as subscription related identities, e.g., mobile stationinternational subscriber directory number (MSISDN), session initiationprotocol (SIP) uniform resource identifier (URI), etc. WTRU may refer toapplication-based identities, e.g., user names that may be used perapplication.

The processes described above may be implemented in a computer program,software, and/or firmware incorporated in a computer-readable medium forexecution by a computer and/or processor. Examples of computer-readablemedia include, but are not limited to, electronic signals (transmittedover wired and/or wireless connections) and/or computer-readable storagemedia. Examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are notlimited to, a read only memory (ROM), a random access memory (RAM), aregister, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic mediasuch as, but not limited to, internal hard disks and removable disks,magneto-optical media, and/or optical media such as CD-ROM disks, and/ordigital versatile disks (DVDs). A processor in association with softwaremay be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in aWTRU, terminal, base station, RNC, and/or any host computer.

What is claimed:
 1. A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) thatcomprises: a processor, configured to: determine that the WTRU is toperform a first transmission using a first transmission beam and asecond transmission using a second transmission beam; determine anuplink transmission power for any one or more of the first transmissionand the second transmission, wherein: on condition that a first angularseparation of the first transmission beam and the second transmissionbeam is greater than a first separation threshold, determine the uplinktransmission power based on a first maximum power level parameterconfigured for the first transmission associated with the firsttransmission beam and a second maximum power level parameter configuredfor the second transmission associated with the second transmissionbeam, and on condition that a second angular separation of the firsttransmission beam and second transmission beam is less than a secondseparation threshold, determine the uplink transmission power based on ashared maximum power level parameter configured for the firsttransmission associated with the first transmission beam and the secondtransmission associated with the second transmission beam; and atransmitter configured to transmit the first transmission using thefirst transmission beam and the second transmission using the secondtransmission beam.
 2. The WTRU of claim 1, wherein the processor isconfigured to determine any one or more of the first angular separationand the second angular separation based on any one or more of an angulardistance, a directional correlation, and a spatial separation betweenthe first transmission beam and the second transmission beam.
 3. TheWTRU of claim 1, wherein any one or more of the first maximum powerlevel parameter, the second maximum power level parameter, and theshared maximum power level parameter comprise a configured maximumtransmitted power (P_(cmax)), wherein the P_(cmax) is determined basedon any one or more of a maximum gain and a maximum effective isotropicradiated power (EIRP).
 4. The WTRU of claim 1, wherein, on conditionthat the determined uplink transmission power for any one or more of thefirst transmission and the second transmission exceed a maximum allowedpower, the processor is configured to perform power scaling of any oneor more of the first transmission beam and second transmission beambased on a priority order.
 5. The WTRU of claim 4, wherein the priorityorder for performing the power scaling of any one or more of the firsttransmission beam and the second transmission beam is based on any oneor more of a numerology parameter and a property of the firsttransmission beam or the second transmission beam, wherein the propertyis any one or more of a duration, a waveform used, and a type oftransmission.
 6. The WTRU of claim 1, wherein the processor isconfigured to: determine an EIRP threshold, wherein the shared maximumtransmission power level parameter comprises one or more EIRP levelparameters, and wherein the EIRP threshold is an EIRP level parameter ofthe one or more EIRP level parameters; and on condition that the EIRPthreshold is exceeded when the second transmission beam is transmittedwith the first transmission beam, perform power allocation on any one ormore of the first transmission beam and the second transmission beam. 7.The WTRU of claim 6, wherein the processor is configured to scale anyone or more of the first transmission beam and the second transmissionbeam to satisfy the EIRP threshold associated with the uplinktransmission power when performing the power allocation.
 8. The WTRU ofclaim 6, wherein the processor is configured to scale any one or more ofthe first transmission beam and the second transmission beam based onany one or more of P_(cmax), a total power of on-going transmission ofthe second transmission, and a guaranteed power of the secondtransmission.
 9. The WTRU of claim 6, wherein, when performing the powerallocation, the processor is configured to: determine a requiredtransmission power of the first transmission beam and the secondtransmission beam; calculate a normalized required transmission powerassociated with the required transmission power; and perform the powerallocation of the first transmission beam and the second transmissionbeam based on the calculated normalized required transmission power. 10.The WTRU of claim 1, wherein the first separation threshold is a valuethat is equal to or larger than the second separation threshold.
 11. Amethod comprising: determining that a wireless transmit/receive unit(WTRU) is to perform a first transmission using a first transmissionbeam, a second transmission using a second transmission beam, a thirdtransmission using a third transmission beam, and a fourth transmissionusing a fourth transmission beam; determining an uplink transmissionpower for any one or more of the first transmission, the secondtransmission, the third transmission, and the fourth transmission,wherein: on condition that a first angular separation of the firsttransmission beam and the second transmission beam is greater than afirst separation threshold, determining the uplink transmission powerbased on a first maximum power level parameter configured for the firsttransmission associated with the first transmission beam and a secondmaximum power level parameter configured for the second transmissionassociated with the second transmission beam, and on condition that asecond angular separation of the third transmission beam and the fourthtransmission beam is less than a second separation threshold,determining the uplink transmission power based on a shared maximumpower level parameter configured for the third transmission associatedwith the third transmission beam and the fourth transmission associatedwith the fourth transmission beam; and transmitting any one or more of:the first transmission using the first transmission beam, the secondtransmission using the second transmission beam, the third transmissionusing the third transmission beam, and the fourth transmission using thefourth transmission beam.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the firstangular separation is determined based on any one or more of a firstangular distance, a first directional correlation, and a first spatialseparation between the first transmission beam and the secondtransmission beam, or the second angular separation is determined basedon any one or more of a second angular distance, a second directionalcorrelation, and a second spatial separation between the thirdtransmission beam and the fourth transmission beam.
 13. The method ofclaim 11, wherein any one or more of the first maximum power levelparameter, the second maximum power level parameter, and the sharedmaximum power level parameter comprise a configured maximum transmittedpower (P_(cmax)), and wherein the P_(cmax) is determined based on anyone or more of a maximum gain and a maximum effective isotropic radiatedpower (EIRP).
 14. The method of claim 11, further comprising: oncondition that the determined uplink transmission power for any one ormore of the first transmission, the second transmission, the thirdtransmission, and the fourth transmission exceed a maximum allowedpower, performing power scaling of any one or more of the firsttransmission beam, the second transmission beam, the third transmissionbeam, and the fourth transmission beam based on a priority order. 15.The method of claim 14, wherein the priority order for performing thepower scaling of any one or more of the first transmission beam, thesecond transmission beam, the third transmission beam, and the fourthtransmission beam is based on any one or more of a numerology parameterand a property of the first transmission beam, the second transmissionbeam, the third transmission beam, or the fourth transmission beam, andwherein the property is any one or more of a duration, a waveform used,and a type of transmission.
 16. The method of claim 11, furthercomprising: determining an EIRP threshold, wherein the shared maximumtransmission power level parameter comprises one or more EIRP levelparameters, and wherein the EIRP threshold is an EIRP level parameter ofthe one or more EIRP level parameters; and on condition that the EIRPthreshold is exceeded when the second transmission beam is transmittedwith the first transmission beam, or the fourth transmission beam istransmitted with the first or third transmission beam, performing powerallocation on any one or more of the first transmission beam, the secondtransmission beam, the third transmission beam, and the fourthtransmission beam.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein performing thepower allocation comprises: scaling any one or more of the firsttransmission beam, the second transmission beam, the third transmissionbeam, and the fourth transmission beam to satisfy the EIRP thresholdassociated with the uplink transmission power.
 18. The method of claim17, wherein the scaling is based on any one or more of P_(cmax), a totalpower of on-going transmission of the second transmission or the fourthtransmission, and a guaranteed power of the second transmission or thefourth transmission.
 19. The method of claim 16, when performing thepower allocation, comprising: determining a required transmission powerof any one or more of the first transmission beam, the secondtransmission beam, the third transmission beam, and the fourthtransmission beam; calculating a normalized required transmission powerassociated with the required transmission power; and performing thepower allocation of any one or more of the first transmission beam, thesecond transmission beam, the third transmission beam, and the fourthtransmission beam based on the calculated normalized requiredtransmission power.
 20. The method of claim 11, wherein the firstseparation threshold is a value that is equal to or larger than thesecond separation threshold.